{"id":33448,"date":"2026-08-10T13:51:11","date_gmt":"2026-08-10T12:51:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/?p=33448"},"modified":"2026-08-10T14:06:31","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T13:06:31","slug":"the-non-competition-clause-in-the-digital-age","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/the-non-competition-clause-in-the-digital-age\/","title":{"rendered":"The Non-Competition Clause in the Digital Age"},"content":{"rendered":"<div  class='avia-slideshow av-10ox0ig-5ae6beef269835967d0d1a18df44c23e avia-slideshow-featured_large av_slideshow avia-slide-slider  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_heading  avia-builder-el-first  av-slideshow-ui av-control-default av-slideshow-manual av-loop-once av-loop-manual-endless av-default-height-applied avia-slideshow-1' data-slideshow-options=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:false,&quot;loop_autoplay&quot;:&quot;once&quot;,&quot;interval&quot;:5,&quot;loop_manual&quot;:&quot;manual-endless&quot;,&quot;autoplay_stopper&quot;:false,&quot;noNavigation&quot;:false,&quot;bg_slider&quot;:false,&quot;keep_padding&quot;:false,&quot;hoverpause&quot;:false,&quot;show_slide_delay&quot;:0}\"  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><ul class='avia-slideshow-inner ' style='padding-bottom: 52.333333333333%;'><li  class='avia-slideshow-slide av-10ox0ig-5ae6beef269835967d0d1a18df44c23e__0  av-single-slide slide-1 slide-odd'><div data-rel='slideshow-1' class='avia-slide-wrap '   ><img fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"wp-image-33443 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-33443\"  src='https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Theo-Goetschin-Serge-Fasel-clause-competition-digital.png' width='1200' height='628' title='Theo-Goetschin-Serge-Fasel-clause-competition-digital' alt=''  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"   \/><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-msmyf9ow-f15bca082788f3c9b8d0055f5d96e200\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-msmyf9ow-f15bca082788f3c9b8d0055f5d96e200{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:26px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-msmyf9ow-f15bca082788f3c9b8d0055f5d96e200 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-msmyf9ow-f15bca082788f3c9b8d0055f5d96e200 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:26px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-msmyf9ow-f15bca082788f3c9b8d0055f5d96e200 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-msmyf9ow-f15bca082788f3c9b8d0055f5d96e200 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-msmyf9ow-f15bca082788f3c9b8d0055f5d96e200 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-msmyf9ow-f15bca082788f3c9b8d0055f5d96e200 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_slideshow  el_before_av_hr  av-inherit-size av-linked-heading'><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >The Non-Competition Clause in the Digital Age<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>Allnews &#8211; August 2026<br \/>\nTh\u00e9o Goetschin &amp; Serge Fasel<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ymqejc-3e56d38a0f21a78ac71c037f6f56bdc2\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-ymqejc-3e56d38a0f21a78ac71c037f6f56bdc2{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-ymqejc-3e56d38a0f21a78ac71c037f6f56bdc2 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_button '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-msmydvaw-5f5d5ce599ff64b490ec3426911cedbe-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><a href='https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Allnews-Theo-Goetschin-Serge-Fasel-clause-concurrence-numerique.pdf'  class='avia-button av-msmydvaw-5f5d5ce599ff64b490ec3426911cedbe av-link-btn avia-icon_select-no avia-size-large avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"  aria-label=\"Download pdf\"><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Download pdf<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-7qvxm6w-59a0c33d54bcb3896b1c8d367024842f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>A non-compete clause is an ancillary provision to an employment contract whereby the employee undertakes not to engage in a competing activity for a specified period after the termination of the employment relationship. Because it restricts the employee&#8217;s economic freedom, the legislator has made its validity subject to strict conditions, foremost among them the requirement of written form. Traditionally associated with a handwritten signature, this requirement must now be assessed\u00a0in light of\u00a0the growing digitalization of contractual relationships.<\/p>\n<p>Article 340 para. 1 of the Swiss Code of Obligations (CO) provides that a non-compete clause is valid only if it is concluded in writing. Whether agreed at the time the employment contract is entered into, during its performance, or upon its termination, the written form is not merely a matter of evidence but a genuine condition of validity.<\/p>\n<p>Article 11 para. 1\u00a0CO\u00a0establishes\u00a0the principle that contracts are subject to a particular form only when the law expressly so requires; the non-compete clause is one such exception. In such cases, Article 13 para. 1\u00a0CO\u00a0requires that the document be signed by all persons assuming obligations under it. Article 14 para. 1 CO further specifies that \u201cthe signature must be handwritten by the person assuming the obligation.\u201d According to the settled case law of the Swiss Supreme Court, a contract concluded in breach of a formal requirement is absolutely\u00a0null and void\u00a0and produces no legal effect.<\/p>\n<p>For several years now, the traditional concept of written form has been adapted to reflect the increasing digitalization of legal relationships.\u00a0Accordingly, Article 14 para. 2bis CO provides that a qualified electronic signature is equivalent to a handwritten signature whenever the law requires compliance with the written form.<\/p>\n<p>It would, however, be incorrect to conclude that every electronic signature satisfies this requirement. Swiss law distinguishes between several categories of electronic signatures, each having different legal effects. A scanned image of a signature, a signature drawn with a finger on a tablet,\u00a0clicking\u00a0an acceptance box, or a simple or advanced electronic signature do not satisfy the requirements of written form. Only a qualified electronic signature, issued\u00a0in accordance with\u00a0federal law by a recognized service provider, is equivalent to a handwritten signature.<\/p>\n<p>This distinction is of\u00a0particular practical\u00a0importance in employment law. Today, employment contracts are increasingly concluded using electronic signature solutions available on the market, such as\u00a0DocuSign, Adobe Acrobat Pro, or Dropbox Sign.<\/p>\n<p>Although most of these platforms offer several levels of signature, the mere use of one of them does not in itself guarantee compliance with Swiss requirements\u00a0regarding\u00a0written form. Everything depends on the signature process\u00a0actually used\u00a0and, more specifically, on whether it meets the conditions of a qualified electronic signature under federal law. Mere compliance with the European\u00a0eIDAS\u00a0Regulation (electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services) is therefore not sufficient to ensure compliance with Swiss legal requirements.<\/p>\n<p>While an employment contract is, in principle, a consensual contract that does not require any\u00a0particular form\u00a0to be valid (Art. 320 para. 1 CO), the non-compete clause\u00a0remains\u00a0subject to the mandatory requirement of written form. Consequently, an employment contract may be perfectly valid even though the non-compete\u00a0clause it\u00a0contains\u00a0is ineffective because the formal requirements have not been met.<\/p>\n<p>The consequences of such an irregularity may be considerable, since a non-compete clause that does not\u00a0comply with\u00a0the formal requirements produces no legal effect. The employer will therefore be unable either to prevent a former employee from engaging in a competing activity on that basis or to rely on any contractual penalty stipulated\u00a0in the event of\u00a0a breach of the clause.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, employers should therefore give preference to the services of a recognized<sup>1<\/sup>, \u00a0certification service provider, allowing the affixing of a qualified electronic signature recognized under Swiss law. Failing that, the use of a handwritten signature is recommended. If the employment contract nevertheless needs to be concluded without delay and neither of these solutions is\u00a0feasible, it\u00a0remains\u00a0possible to have only the non-compete clause signed at a later stage in compliance with the formal requirements. This solution is not without\u00a0risk,\u00a0however, since the employee, once hired, may refuse to sign such a clause.<\/p>\n<p><em>The authors would like to thank Sara Pugliese-Charfadi for her assistance in preparing this article.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5khz93s-7e097d2324466afba9d0ca87250d0fe0\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-5khz93s-7e097d2324466afba9d0ca87250d0fe0{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-5khz93s-7e097d2324466afba9d0ca87250d0fe0 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-56906ag-706333189e64de6d74c3c4ff6421f16f\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-56906ag-706333189e64de6d74c3c4ff6421f16f .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:10px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-56906ag-706333189e64de6d74c3c4ff6421f16f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"note-bas\"><sup>1<\/sup>The Swiss Accreditation Service (SAS) publishes and\u00a0maintains\u00a0an official list of recognized certification service providers:\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.seco.admin.ch\/en\/csp-electronic-signature\">https:\/\/www.seco.admin.ch\/en\/csp-electronic-signature<\/a> (consulted on 22 July 2026).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-51harfc-f5e2478176b7157e81afda91b8213fd7\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-51harfc-f5e2478176b7157e81afda91b8213fd7{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-51harfc-f5e2478176b7157e81afda91b8213fd7 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-4gggj88-d16cf0eb562d581994797f988b982572 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/portfolio-item\/theo-goetschin\/\">Th\u00e9o Goetschin<\/a><br \/>\nCounsel, Geneva<br \/>\n&amp;<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/portfolio-item\/serge-fasel\/\">Serge Fasel<\/a><br \/>\nPartner, Geneva<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/competence\/labor-and-social-insurance-law\/\">Employment Law<\/a> (Heads of practice)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3sspt7c-2662ccf3dfb9d5b2aea053c997da7cbd\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-3sspt7c-2662ccf3dfb9d5b2aea053c997da7cbd{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody 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id=\"style-css-av-10ds7i0-7d81235403fbb4203bf2aff72221904a\">\n.flex_column.av-10ds7i0-7d81235403fbb4203bf2aff72221904a{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-10ds7i0-7d81235403fbb4203bf2aff72221904a av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-15  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-vl6n88-74199c5af734285e4cbdde11c1b652d0\">\n.flex_column.av-vl6n88-74199c5af734285e4cbdde11c1b652d0{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-vl6n88-74199c5af734285e4cbdde11c1b652d0 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-16  el_after_av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Not all electronic signatures allow a non-compete clause to be validly concluded.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":33431,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[84,655],"tags":[560],"datespeciale":[],"class_list":["post-33448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-media-and-news","category-news","tag-allnews-en","competences-labour-and-social-insurance","auteurs-serge-fasel-en","auteurs-theo-goetschin-en","date-publication-2224","diffusion-groupe-droit-du-travail-en","diffusion-medias-en","diffusion-news-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Non-Competition Clause in the Digital Age | FBT Avocats SA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Not all electronic signatures allow a non-compete clause to be validly concluded.\" \/>\n<meta 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