{"id":33552,"date":"2026-09-14T16:08:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-14T15:08:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/?p=33552"},"modified":"2026-09-14T16:16:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T15:16:59","slug":"the-criminal-liability-chain-and-searches","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/the-criminal-liability-chain-and-searches\/","title":{"rendered":"The criminal liability chain and searches"},"content":{"rendered":"<div  class='avia-slideshow av-mu0yiyu0-bb139946dd8cfafc126da1dd1e8a9979 avia-slideshow-featured_large av_slideshow avia-slide-slider  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_heading  avia-builder-el-first  av-slideshow-ui av-control-default av-slideshow-manual av-loop-once av-loop-manual-endless av-default-height-applied avia-slideshow-1' data-slideshow-options=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:false,&quot;loop_autoplay&quot;:&quot;once&quot;,&quot;interval&quot;:5,&quot;loop_manual&quot;:&quot;manual-endless&quot;,&quot;autoplay_stopper&quot;:false,&quot;noNavigation&quot;:false,&quot;bg_slider&quot;:false,&quot;keep_padding&quot;:false,&quot;hoverpause&quot;:false,&quot;show_slide_delay&quot;:0}\"  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><ul class='avia-slideshow-inner ' style='padding-bottom: 52.333333333333%;'><li  class='avia-slideshow-slide av-mu0yiyu0-bb139946dd8cfafc126da1dd1e8a9979__0  av-single-slide slide-1 slide-odd'><div data-rel='slideshow-1' class='avia-slide-wrap '   ><img fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"wp-image-33560 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-33560\"  src='https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Allnews-Julien-Fort-Theo-Goetschin-perquisition-september-2026.png' width='1200' height='628' title='Allnews-Julien-Fort-Theo-Goetschin-perquisition-september-2026' alt=''  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"   \/><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mu0yijyj-0a13f27bfe05c33242419d8cfd7dfede\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-mu0yijyj-0a13f27bfe05c33242419d8cfd7dfede{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:26px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-mu0yijyj-0a13f27bfe05c33242419d8cfd7dfede .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0yijyj-0a13f27bfe05c33242419d8cfd7dfede .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:26px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-mu0yijyj-0a13f27bfe05c33242419d8cfd7dfede .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0yijyj-0a13f27bfe05c33242419d8cfd7dfede .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0yijyj-0a13f27bfe05c33242419d8cfd7dfede .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-mu0yijyj-0a13f27bfe05c33242419d8cfd7dfede av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_slideshow  el_before_av_hr  av-inherit-size av-linked-heading'><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >The criminal liability chain and searches<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>Allnews &#8211; September 2026<br \/>\nJulien Le Fort &amp; Th\u00e9o Goetschin<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-94udpbf-e381ba9695464bfd09e33cd203137b6d\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-94udpbf-e381ba9695464bfd09e33cd203137b6d{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-94udpbf-e381ba9695464bfd09e33cd203137b6d hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_button '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-mu0yhhk4-e10cb5fa580ad16aa514e9843742fdf6-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr '><a href='https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Allnews-Julien-Fort-Theo-Goetschin-penal-perquisition-septembre-2026.pdf'  class='avia-button av-mu0yhhk4-e10cb5fa580ad16aa514e9843742fdf6 av-link-btn avia-icon_select-no avia-size-large avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"  aria-label=\"Download pdf\"><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Download pdf<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-8kaqwi3-4cb372bb72739d4077ca7a6c21e90cd4\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-8kaqwi3-4cb372bb72739d4077ca7a6c21e90cd4{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-8kaqwi3-4cb372bb72739d4077ca7a6c21e90cd4 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_button  el_before_av_heading '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6lt55xn-59cc0bf639bc933e102a392a9e8ca76c\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-6lt55xn-59cc0bf639bc933e102a392a9e8ca76c{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-6lt55xn-59cc0bf639bc933e102a392a9e8ca76c .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-6lt55xn-59cc0bf639bc933e102a392a9e8ca76c .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-6lt55xn-59cc0bf639bc933e102a392a9e8ca76c .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-6lt55xn-59cc0bf639bc933e102a392a9e8ca76c .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-6lt55xn-59cc0bf639bc933e102a392a9e8ca76c .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-6lt55xn-59cc0bf639bc933e102a392a9e8ca76c av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr  av-inherit-size av-linked-heading'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Before the search: the duty to hand over documents<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-677yp7v-bc9ecd65f3f491e5cf987875a7c26d27\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-677yp7v-bc9ecd65f3f491e5cf987875a7c26d27{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-677yp7v-bc9ecd65f3f491e5cf987875a7c26d27 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5r8le7f-103f7acc22d8011db5f4f0c46bef6374 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>When the public prosecutor seeks to obtain documents held by a company, it generally orders the company, by means of a simple letter, to hand over the documents within a specified period. This is referred to as a duty to hand over documents.<\/p>\n<p>Companies that do not have the status of an accused are not required to hand over documents if, by doing so, they could incriminate themselves such that they (i) could be held liable under criminal law or (ii) could be held liable under civil law and their interest in protection outweighs the interest in prosecution.<\/p>\n<p>In such cases, a company may refuse to hand over the documents \u2013 but it then runs the risk of a search. The law provides for the use of compulsory measures if the holder has refused to hand over the documents or if it may be assumed that an order to hand over the documents would jeopardize the success of the measure.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mu0ysawg-6b300817964aa0c790afa8cbef07c40e\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-mu0ysawg-6b300817964aa0c790afa8cbef07c40e{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-mu0ysawg-6b300817964aa0c790afa8cbef07c40e .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0ysawg-6b300817964aa0c790afa8cbef07c40e .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-mu0ysawg-6b300817964aa0c790afa8cbef07c40e .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0ysawg-6b300817964aa0c790afa8cbef07c40e .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0ysawg-6b300817964aa0c790afa8cbef07c40e .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-mu0ysawg-6b300817964aa0c790afa8cbef07c40e av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr  av-inherit-size av-linked-heading'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Searches of company premises<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5f0hru3-ced20a50cd5786c6da606711c200fc9c\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-5f0hru3-ced20a50cd5786c6da606711c200fc9c{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-5f0hru3-ced20a50cd5786c6da606711c200fc9c hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mu0ysldv-4ff650e7f30a5fa3ca4c270c8f96e608 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>A company\u2019s premises may be searched where, in particular, there are grounds to suspect that forensic evidence or items liable to seizure are located there. As noted above, where the company is not an accused, duty to hand over documents will generally make it possible to avoid a search. At the start of the search, the persons authorised to carry it out must produce the search warrant. In such a situation, the company\u2019s representative is advised to examine the contents of the search warrant carefully and ensure that it does not order any other measures, such as the seizure of certain items.<\/p>\n<p>Where the search concerns documents or data, the law gives the holder the opportunity to comment beforehand on their content. This is of practical importance: in particular, it allows the holder to draw the authority\u2019s attention to the existence of protected documents and, where appropriate, to request that they be placed under seal.<\/p>\n<p>The company must therefore be in a position to react swiftly. As part of its internal organisation, it is advisable to designate in advance the persons authorised to accompany the authorities, review the warrant and coordinate communications with counsels.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mu0ytmbo-a32c00ef6beaac8816a623c753b45197\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-mu0ytmbo-a32c00ef6beaac8816a623c753b45197{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-mu0ytmbo-a32c00ef6beaac8816a623c753b45197 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0ytmbo-a32c00ef6beaac8816a623c753b45197 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-mu0ytmbo-a32c00ef6beaac8816a623c753b45197 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0ytmbo-a32c00ef6beaac8816a623c753b45197 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0ytmbo-a32c00ef6beaac8816a623c753b45197 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-mu0ytmbo-a32c00ef6beaac8816a623c753b45197 av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr  av-inherit-size av-linked-heading'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Sealing of evidence: essential but limited protection<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1zzbr7v-1731be806db088742ab1da40867d490e\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-1zzbr7v-1731be806db088742ab1da40867d490e{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-1zzbr7v-1731be806db088742ab1da40867d490e hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mu0ytup0-696235f4c6210665a75a6e2c884c7b53 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Where the holder objects to the seizure of certain documents, recordings or other items on a ground provided for in Article 264 of the Swiss Criminal Procedure Code (CrimPC), the criminal justice authority must place them under seal. The request must be made within three days of the items being secured. During this period and following any sealing, the items concerned may neither be inspected nor used by the criminal justice authority until the seals are removed.<\/p>\n<p>Following an amendment to the Criminal Procedure Code that entered into force on 1 January 2024, and according to recent case law of the Swiss Supreme Court, it is no longer possible to rely indiscriminately on any interest in confidentiality in order to obtain sealing. Subject to certain conditions, sealing may only be obtained for the documents referred to in Article 264 CrimPC, namely:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>documents used in communications between the accused and his or her defence lawyer;<\/li>\n<li>personal records and correspondence belonging to the accused \u2013 where the interest in protecting his or her privacy outweighs the interest in prosecution;<\/li>\n<li>items and documents used in communications between the accused and persons who may refuse to testify \u2013 provided that such persons are not accused of an offence relating to the same case;<\/li>\n<li>items and documents used in communications between another person and his or her lawyer \u2013 provided that the lawyer is entitled to represent clients before Swiss courts and is not accused of an offence relating to the same case.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Trade secrets in the broad sense and banking secrecy therefore no longer constitute, on their own, grounds for obtaining sealing.<\/p>\n<p>Sealing may be requested by the holder of the documents (for example, a bank), but also by their proprietor (the bank\u2019s client). The request must be substantiated and credibly explain why the seized documents are excluded from seizure under one of the four categories referred to above.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mu0yv3md-53e060acf5ba75c2eac5b40918e3936d\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-mu0yv3md-53e060acf5ba75c2eac5b40918e3936d{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-mu0yv3md-53e060acf5ba75c2eac5b40918e3936d .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0yv3md-53e060acf5ba75c2eac5b40918e3936d .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-mu0yv3md-53e060acf5ba75c2eac5b40918e3936d .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0yv3md-53e060acf5ba75c2eac5b40918e3936d .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0yv3md-53e060acf5ba75c2eac5b40918e3936d .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-mu0yv3md-53e060acf5ba75c2eac5b40918e3936d av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr  av-inherit-size av-linked-heading'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Removal of the seals<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-63po3v-b7f0aec5b0d1033041565789becd00fe\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-63po3v-b7f0aec5b0d1033041565789becd00fe{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-63po3v-b7f0aec5b0d1033041565789becd00fe hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-15  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mu0yvbx4-4532fc77c07a2206fef2443082bf3cbc '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Once the documents and items have been placed under seal, the public prosecutor has 20 days to file a request for the removal of the seals with the compulsory measures court. In the absence of such a request, the documents and items are returned to their original holder.<\/p>\n<p>In proceedings for the removal of seals, the compulsory measures court generally examines each document to determine whether it is covered by Article 264 CrimPC and is therefore excluded from seizure or whether, on the contrary, it must be admitted to the proceedings. Depending on the volume of documents involved, this procedure may take several months. In practice, courts seek pragmatic ways of handling proceedings for the removal of seals, which sometimes involve a degree of bargaining. The public prosecutor and the parties may thus agree on criteria for selecting documents. A party may also voluntarily provide certain documents to the public prosecutor in exchange for the latter refraining from seeking the removal of the seals.<\/p>\n<p>The purpose of proceedings for the removal of seals is not to ensure the lawfulness of a seizure generally (in particular, compliance with the principle of proportionality). They are limited to determining whether the seized documents fall within one of the four categories of protected documents (grounds precluding seizure within the meaning of Art. 264 CrimPC).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mu0yw9xa-1b55c8401c5e069b8268a579865dcc96\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-mu0yw9xa-1b55c8401c5e069b8268a579865dcc96{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-mu0yw9xa-1b55c8401c5e069b8268a579865dcc96 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0yw9xa-1b55c8401c5e069b8268a579865dcc96 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-mu0yw9xa-1b55c8401c5e069b8268a579865dcc96 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0yw9xa-1b55c8401c5e069b8268a579865dcc96 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-mu0yw9xa-1b55c8401c5e069b8268a579865dcc96 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-mu0yw9xa-1b55c8401c5e069b8268a579865dcc96 av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-17  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr  av-inherit-size av-linked-heading'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Difficulty in obtaining sealing<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-194bih7-b1ea944ce57177fd34f7ebd3edd0f85d\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-194bih7-b1ea944ce57177fd34f7ebd3edd0f85d{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-194bih7-b1ea944ce57177fd34f7ebd3edd0f85d hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-18  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mu0ywk3a-fcf91f7ed1ad9bde57789336069ee74d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Case law is relatively stringent towards parties requesting sealing. Such parties must substantiate their request and credibly explain why the documents are excluded from seizure because they are covered by Article 264 CrimPC. This is inherently difficult, as it requires confidentiality to be justified without revealing its content. For example, communications with a lawyer are protected only where the lawyer is carrying out what is known as a \u201ctypical\u201d legal activity (legal analysis or representation in court \u2013 but not company administration, financial intermediation or fiduciary activities).<\/p>\n<p>While sealing remains an essential protective tool, its scope has gradually narrowed as a result of recent legislative and case-law developments. More than ever, companies must therefore be prepared and familiar with the steps to take when faced with a search.<\/p>\n<p>In this legal context, it is essential that company representatives be familiar with the four categories of documents referred to above, as they determine the conditions under which sealing may be obtained.<\/p>\n<p>A rigorous system for organising information within the company is also a valuable asset. It facilitates the identification of documents that may be excluded from seizure and helps ensure that only those specified in the seizure order are actually handed over.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l82ai3-06408508a92b601cc345746b168ad9c5\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-l82ai3-06408508a92b601cc345746b168ad9c5{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-l82ai3-06408508a92b601cc345746b168ad9c5 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-20  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mu0ynurg-f62213261a99b95a1d4b95661b15cac8 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/portfolio-item\/julien-le-fort\/\">Julien Le Fort<\/a><br \/>\nAssociate, Geneva<br \/>\n&amp;<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/portfolio-item\/theo-goetschin\/\">Th\u00e9o Goetschin<\/a><br \/>\nCounsel, Geneva<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/competence\/white-collar-crime\/\">White-Collar Crime<\/a> (Head of Practice)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-oewt3k-2ad89b957e385520d956b88410d07b89\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-oewt3k-2ad89b957e385520d956b88410d07b89{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-oewt3k-2ad89b957e385520d956b88410d07b89 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-22  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_heading '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3rcqo6j-99b26e57463b6378f43fcb034062d81b\">\n#top 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class='flex_column av-30aj30r-30f014cfbe5d25ba380bba77c2294858 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-25  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_fifth  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2p25gy3-2c0b1c560b243cfbfd7a0d3e57ba2d44\">\n.flex_column.av-2p25gy3-2c0b1c560b243cfbfd7a0d3e57ba2d44{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-2p25gy3-2c0b1c560b243cfbfd7a0d3e57ba2d44 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-26  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-21xeh4b-c26b56851cd6c191da7125b5c2950512\">\n.flex_column.av-21xeh4b-c26b56851cd6c191da7125b5c2950512{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-21xeh4b-c26b56851cd6c191da7125b5c2950512 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An overview of the rules governing the duty to hand over documents and the sealing of evidence.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":33540,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[84,655],"tags":[560],"datespeciale":[],"class_list":["post-33552","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-media-and-news","category-news","tag-allnews-en","competences-droit-penal-economique","competences-white-collar-crime","auteurs-julien-le-fort-en","auteurs-theo-goetschin-en","date-publication-2224","diffusion-groupe-penal-economique","diffusion-medias-en","diffusion-news-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The criminal liability chain and searches | FBT Avocats SA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How should a company respond to a search? 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